Fig. 2

a Shear stress-strain curves predicted by DDD simulations, along three high-symmetry loading orientations. Inset figure shows strain hardening rates from DDD simulations under constant strain rate \(\dot {\varepsilon }=10^{3}\, {s^{-1}}\) along 120 different loading directions. b Total dislocation density as a function of shear strain for the three loading orientations shown in (a). The windows of averaging, denoted by w_r, r=1,2,…,5 are illustrated on curve II and averaged values are shown by red dots. c Total number of link per unit volume for the three loading orientations shown in a