Fig. 5

a Minimum value of \(\left (S_{i}-0.5S_{i^{\max }}\right)\) for i=A2, A3 and A6 as a function of the loading orientation in the stereographic triangle. Regions with \(S_{i}-0.5S_{i^{\max }} < -0.1\) on plane A indicate (as a rule-of-thumb) regions where slip-free multiplication is expected. b Dislocation density \(\hat {\rho }_{\text {sf}}\) on slip systems showing slip-free multiplication (according to the criterion in Eq. (1)) as a fraction of the total dislocation density \(\hat {\rho }\) at γ_d=0.5%